Multiple Choice: Circle the best answer.

1. Chromosomes are duplicated during
     a. G₁ phase.
     b. G₂ phase.
     c. S phase
     d. metaphase
     e. prophase

2. Eukaryotic chromosomes (of most species) become visible with
     the microscope during
    a. anaphase
    b. interphase
    c. metaphase
    d. prophase
    e. telophase

3. How do plant cells differ from animal cells during mitosis?
    a. Plant cells lack spindle fibers
    b. Animal cells have a pair of centrioles in the middle of each
        microtubule-organizing center.
    c. Plant cells lack centrioles in their microtubule-organizing
        centers.
    d. Both a and b are true.
    e. Both b and c are true.

4. During mitosis nucleoli disappear during _____ and again
    become  apparent  during _____________.
    a. metaphase, anaphase
    b. prophase, anaphase
    c. prophase, telophase
    d. interphase, telophase
    e. anaphase, telophase

5. An organism with a diploid number of 36 chromosomes will have
     ________   chromosomes in their gametes and _________
     chromosomes in their somatic cells.
     a. 18, 18
     b. 18, 36
     c. 36, 18
     d. 36, 36
     e. 36, 72

6. During which of the following stages of meiosis do the chromatids
     separate?
     a. metaphase I
     b. anaphase I
     c. metaphase II
     d. anaphase II
     e. telophase II

7. Prokaryotic organisms reproduce by which of  the following
     processes?
     a. mitosis
     b. meiosis
     c. binary fission
     d. both a and b are true
     e. none of the above

8. In photosynthesis ATP is produced in the:
      a. cristae membrane.
      b. thylakoid membrane.
      c. nucleus.
      d. nucleolus.
      e. ribosomes.

9. Chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments are associated
      with the:
      a. stroma.
      b. thylakoid membranes.
      c. mesophyll membranes.
      d. light reaction centers of the stroma lamellae.
      e. stroma grana.

10. Reactions that occur in the thylakoid membranes are to
       reactions that occur in the stroma, as:
      a. carbon fixation reactions are to photochemical reactions.
      b. electron transport is to chemiosmosis.
      c. light-dependent reactions are to photochemical reactions.
      d. carbon fixation reactions are to chemiosmosis.
      e. light-dependent reactions are to carbon
          fixation reactions.

11. Ribulose phosphate is synthesized from:
      a. NADP+.
      b. pyruvate.
      c. PGAL.
      d. RuBP.
      e. CO₂

12. ATP + H₂0 ---> ADP + Pi
      This reaction is classified as an:
      a. endergonic reaction.
      b. enthalpy reaction.
      c. entropy reaction.
      d. exergonic reaction.
      e. intermediate phosphorylation reaction.

13. In aerobic respiration, glucose is:
      a. reduced to ATP.
      b. reduced to energy.
      c. oxidized to water.
      d. oxidized to carbon dioxide.
      e. simultaneously oxidized and reduced.

14. In eukaryotes, glycolysis occurs in the:
      a. mitochondrial inner membrane.
      b. lysosomes.
      c. Golgi complex.
      d. cytosol.
      e. mitochondrial matrix.

15. In glycolysis, glucose becomes activated by the addition of:
      a. phosphates from two ATP molecules.
      b. phosphates from four ATP molecules.
      c. two pyruvates + two NADH + four ATP.
      d. two FADH₂ + two ATP molecules.
      e. electrons from NADH.

16. In glycolysis, the phosphate bond in phosphoenolpyruvate is
      special because it is:
      a. a very high energy bond.
      b. used to reduce NAD⁺.
      c. used to recharge an ADP.
      d. used to decarboxylate an ATP.
      e. used to oxidize NADH.

17. A reactant in photosynthesis that becomes reduced is to a
       reactant that becomes oxidized, as:
      a. O₂ is to C₆H₁₂O₆
      b. O₂ is to H2O
      c. CO₂ is to C₆H₁₂O₆
      d. H₂O is to H₂O
      e. CO₂ is to H₂O

18. The ultimate source of energy for almost all living organisms is:
      a. heat.
      b. glucose.
      c. carbohydrates.
      d. lipids.
      e. the sun.

19. The pathways in which larger molecules are broken down into
       smaller ones are to the pathways in which complex molecules
       are synthesized from simpler substances, as:
      a. metabolism is to catabolism.
      b. metabolism is to anabolism.
      c. catabolism is to anabolism.
      d. catabolism is to metabolism.
      e. anabolism is to catabolism.

20. Pathways that have an overall energy requirement are to
      pathways that involve the overall release of energy, as:
      a. metabolism is to catabolism.
      b. metabolism is to anabolism.
      c. catabolism is to anabolism.
      d. catabolism is to metabolism.
      e. anabolism is to catabolism.

21. An exergonic reaction that releases energy is to the energy
       necessary to begin a reaction, as:
      a. spontaneous reaction is to activation energy.
      b. potential energy is to kinetic energy.
      c. endergonic reaction is to kinetic energy.
      d. activation energy is to spontaneous  reaction.
      e. enthalpy reaction is to endergonic  reaction.

22. The release of energy is to the acceptance of energy, as:
      a. reduction is to oxidation.
      b. redox is to ATP.
      c. redox is to ADP.
      d. oxidation is to reduction.
      e. ADP is to ATP.

Short answer. Fill in the correct response. Each question is worth
two points.

1. True or False? During metaphase of mitosis,
     each chromosome consists of two duplicate
     chromatids. ______________

2. True or False? A cell containing 46
     chromosomes during G₁ of Interphase would
     contain 92 chromatids during telophase.
      _____________

3. True or False? During mitosis, a major
     difference between plant and animal cells is
     that animal cells have chromatids but plant
     cells do not. ____________

4. True or False? A cell containing 92 chromatids
     at the start of meiosis would contain 23
     chromosomes during Prophase I.
      _____________

5. When a zygote divides to form a multicellular
     organism, the new cells are formed by the
     type of cell division known as? ___________

6. What is the function of the lipid tail of the
     chlorophyll molecule? _____________

7. True or False? The energy that powers
     oxidative phosphorylationis provided by a flow
     of electrons into the mitochondrial matrix.
       _____________

8. True or False? Energy is not the same for all
     light waves. The longer the wave length of
     light the greater the energy. _____________

9. In photosynthesis, the light dependent
     reactions work at the same rate at different
     temperatures. This idea provides support for
     the idea that these reactions are?
      _____________

10. True or False? The light dependent reactions
      cannot proceed without the products of the
      light independent reactions. _____________

11. The function of lactic acid fermentation in
      muscle cells during oxygen debt is to?
      _____________

12. An example of a final electron acceptor in the
      electron transport chain for anaerobic
      respiration is? _____________

13. In aerobic respiration, is the oxygen molecule
      oxidized or reduced? _____________

14. True or False? In glycolysis, one example of
      substrate level phosphorylation is when
      glucose receives a phosphate group from ATP
      to activate it. _____________

15. Decarboxylation followed by reduction of
      pyruvate yields? _____________

16. In the science of thermodynamics, the property
     of randomness is also referred to as?
     _____________

17. In ? reactions the potential energy of the final
     state is greater than the potential energy of
     the initial state. _____________

18. ? refers to the various pathways in which
     complex molecules are synthesized from
     simpler substances. _____________

19. True or False? Organismal body heat is a
     byproduct of endergonic reactions. _________

Part III - Essay. Answer the questions in the space provided. The
value of each question is indicated in parenthesis.

1. Below is a drawing of an Ascaris cell (2N=4)
    undergoing meiosis. At what point (MI or MII)
    is this cell and explain why you feel this is
    true? (6 pts )

2. Describe noncyclic photophosphorylation. (6
    pts)

3. Explain why anaerobic respiration is not the
    same as fermentation. (3 pts)

4. In step four of the citric acid cycle,
    alpha-ketoglutarate is decarboxylated. Is this
    reaction thermodynamically favorable or
    unfavorable? Explain. (4 pts)

5. Chloroplasts contain chlorophylls a and b and
    accessory pigments carotenoids and
    xanthophylls. Show how an absorption
    spectrum for chlorophyll a correlates
    with an action spectrum for photosynthesis. (4
    pts)

6. Describe what is meant by the term
    photosystem in photosynthesis. (4 pts)

7. Explain the importance of the following terms
    in regards to respiration: (6 pts)

    ubiquinone-

   electrical gradient-

8. Summarize the reactions for glycolysis,
      formation of acetyl coenzyme A, and the citric
      acid cycle. (3 pts)